Radioactive prospecting



May 3 1960 c. F. TElcHMANN ErAL 2,935,614

RADIOACTIVE PROSPECTING Filed May 17, 1954 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 TIL- lg L/ 59 l May3, 1960 c. F. TEICHMANN ETAL RADIoAcTIva PRosPEcTrNG Filed may 17, 1954 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 May 3, 1960 C, F, TE|CHMANN ETAL 2,935,614

RADIOACTIV PROSPECTING Filed May 17, 1954 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 United Sfttes i Y:t

Y RADIOACTIVE PROSPECTING Charles F. Teichmann, Crestwood,.and Clifford G. Ludeman, Scarsdale, NX., assignors to Texaco Development Corporation, New York, N.Y., a corporation of VDelaware Y ,Application May 17, 195i, serial 10.430,123 16 Claims. (ci. 25o-sa) The present invention relates to a novel method of and apparatus for prospecting `for minerals by detecting radiation emanating from the ground, for example gamma rays emanating from radioactive minerals such -as uranium and Iradium ores. More particularly, the invention -is concerned with conducting radio-activity surveys by means of air-borne instruments, as in an aircraft such as a helicopter, fixed wing aeroplane, or lighter-than-air dirigible whichis ii'own -rapidly over large areas of the earth.

, yAir-borne radioactivity prospecting has been employed heretofore, but it has been difficult to rel-ate radioactivity measurementsfto specific small areas of the terrain over which the surveyhas been made. Such correlation is necessary so thatinteresting deposits can be examined in detail subsequently by prospecting at the surface of the earth.v s

Additionally, prior methods of aerial radioactivity surveyingA yielded only an integrated average datum when surveying an area of considerable size. In order to obtain detailed information by such prior methods it was necessary to reduce the size of the area surveyed and consequently to increase the work, time and expense proportional to a function of the square of the reciprocal of the 'fractional reduction.

In accordance with the present invention, the disadvantages of the prior art are successfully overcome by photographing a relatively large area of the terrain while Aconcurrently detecting the radiation emanating from the area, desirably from two or more relatively small finite portions of the large area, as responses which are converted to a visual intensity 4record which can be compa-red and vcorrelated with the photograph to locate mineral deposits` accurately in the large area. This is advantageously done by continuously or intermittently photographing successive adjoining areas of the terrain from a remote position above the earthto form 'a photographic record such as a continuous long photograph or a series ofindividual connected photographs, by co-ncurrently detecting at the same position the radiation from the same areas as a series of responses varying in accordance with radiation intensity, and converting such responses to photographic or other visual intensity records which `'can be compared and correlated with the "photographs'to indicate which areas merit closer scrutiny.

this type of survey is advantageously made directly from a 'self-propelled aircraft, ora towed aircraft such as a glider or other device towed on a cable, inl either case exactly within a few feet.

t zessen- Patentecl' May 3, i969 otherwise placed in juxtaposition, for the desired correlation.

The method described above can be performed successfully with a single collim-ated detector which is so constructed rand arranged as to see substantially the same area as the photographic camera, for example an area 150 feet square when the aircraft is `flying at an altitude of l5() feet.

While the -method of the invention is highly advantageous in such a case, even greater advantages are obtained by employing a `radioactivity detector which is made up of a plurality of independent detector units arranged in juxtaposition and so constructed and arranged that the several units detect radiation from separate adjoining small fractional parts of the large area seen by the camera at any given moment. A plurality of separate responses are obtained from the several units which are converted to separate adjoining photograph-ic intensity records on a single film, or to other types of intensity records. A mosaic radiation intensity record is obtained on film which can be compared with the picture made by the camera, sothat the location of radioactive minerals within the large photographed larea can be ascertained For example a cluster of 9 radiation detectors makes it possibleV for each individual detector to see a small 50 foot square section of the large 15G foot square area photographed by the camera. With such improved discrimination the making of a subsequent ground survey tolocate the mineral deposit is made relatively easy.

The invention will be described more in detail below with reference to the Iaccompanying drawings, wherein:

Fig. l is a side elevational View showing schematically how an air-borne'radioactivity survey is conducted by the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a schematic side elevational view, parts being in vertical section, showing one form of radiation detector and a suitable corollary group of apparatus for converting detected radiation to a photographic or other intensity records;

Fig. 2a shows another form of radiation detector which may be employed aspart of the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 2;

Fig. 3 is an electrical diagram showing an arrangement of -apparatusfor automatically operating the radiation detector and photographic camera in timed relation to one another;

Fig. 4 is a diagram showing schematically a birds eye view of raportion of theearths surface showing the manner'of conducting a survey in accordance with the invention;

Figs. 5, 6 `and 7 are vertical' sectional views showing schematically three modifications of radiation detectors in accordance with the invention;

Fig. 8 is a view of the radiation detector of Fig. 7 as seen from the bottom;

Fig. 9 is a diagram showing schematically a birds' eye view of a portionr of the earths surface showing schematically how a survey is conducted with a multiple unit radiation detector of the type shown in Fig. 7;'

Fig. 10 is a plan viewv of a photographic film showing schematically the appearance of such a film after a radiation intensity record has been made thereon with va multiple unit radiation detector of` the type shown in Fig. 7; andv i, 4

Fig. 11 is a plan View of a pictorial photographic film corresponding to the radiation photographic film of Fig. 10, showing schematically how land marks are recorded pictorially as a basis yfor locating exactly the interesting areas shown on the film of Fig. l0.

Referring to Fig. 1 an aircraft 11, such as a helicopter, is flown across the surfaceof the-earth 13 ata vconstant height such as 150 feet and at a constant ground speed such as 30 miles per hour. Aircraft 11 carries a photographic camera and an adjacent radiation detector 17, both of which are so positioned in the aircraft and so directed toward the surface of the earth that their longi- .tudinal axes intersect and each sees substantially the same area 19 of the terrain beneath the aircraft.

In conducting the survey over a large expanse of terrain the camera 15 and the radiation detector 17 are ,actuated simultaneously to record on one or two films the appearance of, and the intensity of radiation from, a selected area 19, such as one 150 feet square, immediately below the aircraft. Thereafter, the lms are indexed to place new unexposed portions. in position for recording.

When the aircraft has reached a point centered above the next adjoining area 19', of substantially the same size, the camera and the radiation detector are again simultaneously actuated. As a result, the aircraft traverses a series of adjoining areas as shown in Fig. 4, while making successive independent records of the appearance of and the radiation intensity from each area 19, 19 et seq.

Referring to Fig. 2, a suitable radiation detector 21 comprises a relatively long and narrow tubular radiation shield 23, of lead or similar material possessing the ability to prevent the penetration of radiation, having an open end 25 facing toward the ground and a closed end 27 to exclude as much as is practical of cosmic radiation. The length of shield 23 need not be longer than the length of the detector itself for effective collimation. That is, the open end of the shield may be flush with the end of the detector. Greater extension ofthe shield gives better discrimination but there may be sacrificed some degree of sensitivity.

Within the radiation shield 23, nea-r its upper, i.e., closed end and remote from the open end Z5, is located a radiation detecting element 29 of any suitable type. A Geiger-Mueller counter or similar electrical pulse generating device may be used, or a luminophor which is active to generate light scintillations in response to radiation. This radiation detecting element 29 can see the area 19 on the ground with considerable discrimination, especially when a tubular shield 23 of relatively great length is employed to collimate the received radiation and cause the detector to respond to radiation from afairly exactly defined area on the ground.

A Geiger-Mueller type of counter generates an electrical impulse directly, and this impulse can be amplified through a pulse amplifier 31, a counting rate meter 33, and a power amplifier 3S so as to energize a light source 37 located within a recording device 39 having a photographic film 41 and a shutter 43. The light source 37 may be of any suitable type, such as an incandescent lamp having a filament. cence of a heated filament may not change as rapidly as desired, i.e., as rapidly as the signal modulations, due to thermal lag, it may be preferred to use a gas-filled tube wherein changes may be effected as rapidly as the deionization time.

Film 41 is mounted on rollers 45 and 47 -which are actuated to index the position of the film periodically after each area of the terrain has been surveyed. In ordinary operation the sequence of events is first to opcrate the shutter 43 in synchronism with the shutter of the photographic camera 15 so that both are opened simultaneously and then closed, shutter 43 remaining open a little longer for longer exposure of the detector to radiation. Thereafter, indexing of the film 41 is accomplished automatically in timed relation thereto prior to centering of the surveying instruments over the next adjoining area to be surveyed.

Alternatively, or additionally, the count rate for a given period of exposure can be recorded on tape or the like by punched holes, ink marks or the like and the record can then be correlated with the terrain photographs to locate interesting deposits.

However, since the incandes-Y agencia Automatic coordinated operation of the survey instruments can be accomplished by any suitable sequence timing apparatus, such as that of the electrical system shown in Fig. 3. To set the automatic timing mechanism in operation a switch 51 is closed manually to energize an adjustable speed timing motor 53 connected across a pair of power lines L1 and L2. Motor 53 has a drive shaft 55 carrying a pair of timing cams 57 and 59 which operate a pair of switches 61 and 63, respectively. Cam 57 is so shaped that switch 61 is closed while switch 63 is still open, consequently energizing a'relay B which closes a pair of switches B1 and B2 to energize a pair of Vsolenoids 65 and `67 having movable cores 69 and 71, respectively, connected to suitable mechanisms for actuating the camera shutter `73 and the radiation recorder shutter 43. The speedV of timing motor 53 should be so correlated with the liying speed of the aircraft that exposure of the radiation detector and operation of the camera occur automatically when centered over each successive area. Y

Immediately after the shutters have operated, the cam 59 closes switch 63 shortly after the cam 57 has permitted switch 61 to reopen, consequently energizing a relay A which closes switches A1 and A2 to energize solenoids 75 and 77 having movable cores 79 and 81, respectively, connected to film indexing mechanisms 83 and 85 of the photographic camera and the radiation recorder, respectively. After this indexing operation, cam 59 permits switch 63 to reopen.

Solenoid cores 69, 71, 79 and 81 can be made to actuate the shutters and lm indexing mechanisms by any suitable type of device which is well within the skill of the art. For example, each of the several cores can constitute a connecting rod pivotally connected to the crank arm of a ratchet and pawl device which, on the forward motion of the crank arm, actuates the shutter or indexing mechanism, and thereafter is returned byspring action in a reverse direction to prepare the device for its next operation.

When a luminophor is employed as the radiation detecting element, instead of a Geiger-Mueller tube, the scintillations of light produced by the luminophor in response to radiation are converted into electrical impulses by a conventional photo-multiplier tube which is connected through an amplifier system to a photographic recording device, exactly as shown in Fig. 2. Detector apparatus employinga 'luminophor is illustrated in Fig. 2a which shows a radiation detector 21a, similar to the detector 21 of Fig. 2, but having a scintillation detector 29a mounted within the shield 23, instead of the Geiger-Mueller detector 29, shown in Fig. 2. The scintillation detector 29a comprises a luminophor 2% responsive to radiation to be detected and a photomultiplier tube 29C positioned above the luminophor 29b for converting the scintillation output thereof to electrical pulses which are coupled to a pulse amplifier 31 and other equipmentyas shown in Fig. 2.

A radiation detecting luminophor also can be used in a more direct fashion to 'produce a photographic record of radiation intensity, as shown in Figs. 5 and 6. Referring to Fig. 5, a luminophor 91 is positioned within a radiation shield 93 having a pair of film rollers 95 and 17A housed within light-proof boxes 99 and 101 on the sides of the shield. A lm 103 extends between the rollers and has its photosensitive surface positioned in close juxtaposition to the rear face of the luminophor 91 so that scintillations generated in the luminophor by radiation from the earth act to fog the film 103 more or less, in accordance with their intensity.

f As shown in Fig. 6 a more exact record of the radiation from discrete adjoining areas is obtained by providing a shutter 105 which is actuated each time that the detector is centered on a new area of the terrain. For preventing any detrimental effect of visible light on the film, there is also provided a thin shield 107 of light imperviousl material, such as aluminum, which is pervious to gamma rays and' like radiation. l

Fig. 7 shows our preferred radiation detector,.compris ing a cluster of 4nine identical collimateddetector units `111('a)111(i`), inclusive, each of which is so'constructed and arranged'` as to see. a small part y comprising about 1/9 ofthelarge area 19` seen by the photographic camera I5, to assurev good discrimination of the radiation from the adjoining small areas wherebythey can subsequently be easily'located on the photographic viewkof the large area 19. n

Each detector unit comprises a tubular radiation shield 113 of square cross section having an open end` 115 of relatively great area for receiving-v radiation, and side` walls 117 ot' radiation-impervious material which taper toward; one another from the open end 1(15. vA radiation responsive device 119 is located near the narrow end of the radiation shield at a position remote-from the,end 115`so as to see a relatively small and-,sharply defined area y on the terrain. Advantageously each detector uniti is provided with a light shield 121 of aluminum foil which is pervious to radiation.

The several radiation detectors 111a.-i are clustered together with their longitudinal axes tapering together from their radiationreceiving ends 115'r so as to assure quite sharply defined boundary lines between the individual smallv areasy observedby the several individualdetectors, with only a small amount ofoverlap at the edges.

In the embodiment shown in. Figs. 7 and 8 the radiaj tion responsive devices'1-19 fare luminophors which' generate light scintillations whenirradiated. ,Ajsingle photographic film 123 on1spoo1s'112`5 and 127 lwithin a lightproof box 1129 is passed over a cylindrical surface'131 adjacent the upper ends of the detectors so' that scintillations from'all ofv theA luminophors 1-19 are recorded on separate adjoiningjareas ofthe single lm y123'. Indexing of the. iilm periodically is accomplished in the manner described previously,

It VisV evident thatv instead of this simplel and direct photographic method, there also may betused an electrical. system wherein the scintillations from each luminophor, or the pulses of an electrical pulse generating device, are converted to individualA electrical impulses, and these electrical impulses are usedv to operate individual light sources of the type shown in Fig. 2. The

lights are severally focused to record radiation intensity on separate adjoining areas, of asingle photographic film similarly to Fig. 10. Also, a plurality of records on tape may be made by punching, inking or the like, as described previously in connectionwith Fig. 2, and these records may be correlated with terrain photographs to, locate deposits.

While a cluster of nine radiation detector units has been described above by way of example, it is evident that more or less detector units can be employed in accordance with the size of the area to be surveyed and the degree of discrimination desired.

It is desirable that the individual radiation shields have llat sides and have shapes such as slender truncated cones or prisms so that they may' fit closely together and may detect areas with relativelyshort boundary lines for the greatest accuracy.

circular cross section can also be used, particularly where the possibility of dead spots is not too undesirable.

When using the radiation detector having such individual radiation units as shown in Figs. 7 and 8 to survey a large area of the terrain, as'shown in Fig. 9, wherein there exists a deposit of radioactive ore, as shown at i139,

Square;A triangular, hexagonal andl other cross sectional shapes are satisfactory. Cells `of tion coming from the deposit 139. On a fourthsquare 1'S1jtlie lm is fogged to a lesser extent because less radiation comes from the smallpart 15,3 of the deposit seen by the central detector unitl 111b. The rest of the frame liis relatively clear because the individual detector units vfocused on this part ofthe film do not see any part of thelradioactive deposit 139. n Y

Upon indexing of thev films and 141 to the next adjoining square 19', followed by actuation of the `camera and' radiation detector, an additional` intensely fogged area155 anda lesser fogged' area 157 appear on the frame 159, thus showing that the radioactive deposit 139 extends over into the next adjoining area 19' to some extent. The location of thev radioactive deposit 139 by a ground party is readily accomplished by positioning the ilmsf141k and 145 in juxtaposition, either one `on top of the other or alongside of one another, and correlating the position of the radioactive deposit with respect to land marks appearing on the photographic film 141 as shown schematically in Fig. l1.. Y n

When using a conventional continuous type of aerial camera, whichopevr'ates witha continuously open aperture without ashutter mechanism,.there is obtained a pictorial photograph like that? of Fig. 111, but without the transverse lines of demarkation' between frames. In conjunction with such a camera there fis employed a radiation detector unit comprising two or more individual shutterle'ssdetectors arranged ina line transversely of thestrip of ter.- rain beingy photographed', for example three detectorsv arrangedlike 111-11, b and c of Fig. 8. Such a detector Correlationof the photographic records when using separate iilms is obtained by positioning the two films in juxtaposition with initial and final ends respectively adjoining oneV another. Alternatively, Aboth records may be made on a single ilm strip. For simplicity, portions of the films between their ends may be correlated by means Y of appropriate index marks such as punch marks, lightv records, or the like along their edges.

They principles of the invention have been described abovev as applied to the location of radioactive oresv by detecting positive anomalies in radioactivity. Itis apparent thatthey also apply to the location of non-radioactive ores by the detection of negative anomalies, for which reference is made to U.S. Patent 2,562,914.

Obviously, many modifications and variations of the invention, as hereinbefore set forth may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof and therefore only such limitations shouldy be imposed as Vare lindicated in the` appended claims.'

We claim: l

1. In prospecting apparatus, a photographic camera adapted to befocused for photographing on iilrn an area of selected extent on the terrain; la radiation detector so constructed and arranged as to detect radiation from about said same area simultaneously with the photographing thereof, said radiation detectors comprising aV plurality of adjoining collimated individual detector units so constructed and arranged as severally to detect radiation from adjoining parts of said areas, said radiation detector including means for converting varying radiation responses to vcorrespondingly varying visual records; a vegaaanz hicle mounting said camera and said radiation detector and movable along a path spaced above said terrain; and means for simultaneously making visual records of successive adjoining areas of said terrain in response to said camera and radiation detector.

, 2. `Prospecting apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein'said radiation detector includes means for converting varying radiation responses to correspondingly varying light rays, and means for making a photographic record on iilm of said varying light rays.

3. Prospecting apparatus in accordance with claim 2, wherein said radiation detector comprises a luminophor adapted to generate scintillations in yresponse toradiation, and said means for making a photographic record comprises means for positioningv photographic lm adjacent said luminophorfor direct recording of light thereon.

4. Prospecting apparatus in accordance with claim 3, also comprisingmeans for converting said scintillations to amplified electrical signals and means for converting said amplified signals to such light rays.

5. Prospecting apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein said radiation detector comprises electrical impulse generating means responsive to such radiation, and means for converting into such visual record the electrical impulses generated.

6. Prospecting apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein said means for making a photographic record is so'constructedrand arranged as to record ,on adjoining areas of asin'gle lm manifestions of the radiation detected by' each of said individual detector units.

, 7. Prospecting apparatus in accordance'with claim 6, wherein said individual detectorunits comprise tubular radiation shields having, radiation receiving ends of relatively lgreat area, and side walls tapering toward one another from said radiation receiving ends, and wherein radiation detecting'elements are located within said shields at positions remote from said radiation receiving ends.

8. A radiation detector comprising a plurality of adjoining collimated individual detector units comprising tubular radiation shields having radiation receiving ends of relatively great area, and side walls tapering toward one another from said radiation receiving ends, said tubular radiationV shields having longitudinal axes tapering together from said radiation receiving ends, and'radiation detecting elements located'within said shields at positions remote from said vradiation receiving ends.

, 9. A radiation detector and recorder comprising a plurality of collimated detector units each having a tubular radiation vshield with a radiation receiving end, a lumino-` phor responsive to radiation located at a position remote from said radiation receiving end, means for positioning a photographic film adjacent said luminophor, and mechanism for moving said lm to expose new areas thereof to light from said luminophor.

10. A radiation detector in accordance with claim 9, also comprising a movable shutter between said luminophor and said iilm, and a radiation-pervious light-impervious shield between said luminophor and said radiation receiving end.

11. A Aradiation detector and recorder in accordance with claim.. 9, comprising a plurality of said collimated detector units severally provided Awith luminophors, and wherein said means for positioning lm is so constructed 8 v l and arranged as to position a single film adjacent all of said luminophors to make individual adjoining records of radiation detected -by all of said detector units.

12. In geological radioactivity surveying. apparatus adapted to be transported in avehicle over an areato be surveyed, the improvement which comprises means vfor photographing successive adjoining areas of terrain from a remote position to form a pictorial strip, and means for concurrently detecting at said position the radiation from saidsame areas as a plurality of separate responses from adjoining parts of said areas, said separate responses being convertible'to corresponding visual records for correlation with said photographs. Y 1,3. Apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said radiation detecting means comprises at least one luminophor for producing scintillations in response to gamma radiation.

14." In geological radioactivity surveying Aapparatus adapted to be transported in a vehicle overan area to be surveyed, the improvement which comprises means for photographing successive adjoining areas of terrain from a remote position to form a pictorial strip, means for concurrently detecting at said position the radiation from said same areas as a plurality of separate responses from adjoining parts of said areas, and means for converting said separate responses to visual records in the form of adjoining photographs on a single photographic iilm. 15. In' geologicalV radioactivity surveying apparatus adapted to be transported ina vehicle, such asan aircraft, for conducting a radioactivity'survey of selected terrain, the improvement which comprises a photographic camera having a predetermined angle of view for photo# graphing a selected portion of the terrain, means for concurrently detecting and recording radiation from said portion of the terrain including a radiation detector having substantially the same overall angle of view as said camera and comprising a plurality of distinct radia-r tion detecting elements whose respective angles of view are substantially limited to diterent adjoining areas within the area subtended by the overall angle of view of said camera in order to form a mosaic radiation record corresponding to each photographed portion of the terrain. 16. In geological radioactivity surveying apparatus `adapted to be transported in an Iaircraft over an area to be surveyed the improvement comprising means for making `an aerial pictorial photograph of a relatively large area of the terrain and means for simultaneously detecting and recording radiation emanating from a plurality of individual nite relatively small adjoining areas within said relatively large area, thereby to provide a radiological mosaic map for correl ation with the pictorial photographs ofv said terrain.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Shurclii Apr. 5, 

